The Obelisk of Montecitorio, also in red granite, dates to the reign of Psamtek II, circa 594-589 B.C., and was first erected in Heliopolis at the sanctuary of Re. Following the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Egypt fell to Roman rule, and in 10 BC Augustus ordered this obelisk, along with others, to be transported and re-erected in Rome. Commandeering these colossal architectural masterpieces stood as a sign of his hegemony over a formerly formidable foe, as recorded in the text he had inscribed onto the base. The monolith was erected in the Campus Martius and functioned as the gnomon in the Solarium Augusti.